The sudden shift to remote learning during the pandemic brought to light a significant and ongoing challenge: a vast number of children nationwide lack consistent internet connectivity at home, hindering their academic progress. Even before 2020, many households quietly struggled, relying on public spaces like libraries or community centers for Wi-Fi. Despite increased awareness of this disparity, the struggle continues for many families, and the gap may even be widening.
Ensuring Equitable Internet Access for Students
In the wake of school closures during the pandemic, a critical issue became glaringly apparent: a significant portion of students nationwide lacked dependable internet access, which is essential for academic engagement. Even prior to this period, families often faced silent battles, resorting to public libraries, community hubs, or even fast-food parking lots to find Wi-Fi connectivity. While there is now a heightened understanding of this inequality, many families continue to grapple with it, and the problem may be escalating.
Noelle Ellerson Ng, Chief Advocacy and Governance Officer for AASA, The School Superintendents Association, emphasized that the effectiveness of remote learning and homework hinges on students' consistent internet access. She highlighted the persistent 'homework gap,' where a substantial percentage of children returned to homes without internet, effectively preventing them from engaging with their studies. This challenge endures, with students still struggling to obtain reliable and affordable internet for assignments, test preparation, and collaborative projects. Ellerson Ng further noted that over a quarter of the nation's 50 million public school students are affected by this gap, underscoring the need for continuous access to facilitate 24-hour learning.
According to Anthony Mignella, Superintendent of Baldwin Union Free School District in Long Island, New York, numerous families encounter obstacles to high-speed internet due to financial and systemic issues. He pointed out that elevated monthly service charges, along with hidden fees and equipment costs, can render internet access unaffordable for many households already managing essential expenses. Beyond cost, Mignella identified significant access disparities, where certain communities lack essential broadband infrastructure, denying service even to those who can afford it. Additionally, limited plan choices, strict data limits, or inconsistent service can impede students' full participation in online education.
A T-Mobile-commissioned study revealed that three out of ten parents perceive their home internet as somewhat unreliable, and a quarter have resorted to sacrificing necessities like food or utilities to afford connectivity. Even the dependability of devices can exacerbate the digital divide among students. A survey by Snapdragon and Wakefield Research indicated that nearly 88% of students reported their laptops malfunctioning at critical moments, leading to missed assignments or lost work, and causing considerable frustration for 67% of teenagers.
Sam Helmick, the 2025-2026 President of the American Library Association, stressed that reliable internet is crucial for students to complete homework, engage in virtual learning, collaborate with peers, and access vital educational resources such as digital textbooks and library databases. Without it, children risk falling behind academically, and families struggle to communicate with educators and community support networks. Helmick asserted that in today’s educational landscape, internet access is as fundamental as electricity or running water.
Research confirms that middle and high school students without home internet spend more time on homework, achieve lower grades, and are less likely to interact with peers outside of classroom settings. They often avoid emailing teachers with questions, checking grades, or engaging in group collaborations. Furthermore, this digital divide can impact students' post-secondary aspirations, often leading to lower scores on college entrance exams and reduced scholarship opportunities. For students pursuing higher education from home, this can translate to lower grades, missed coursework, limited interaction with faculty and peers, and underdeveloped digital literacy skills.
During the pandemic, the federal government initiated programs such as the Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP), which provided discounts on internet services and devices to eligible households. However, in June 2024, millions lost these vital benefits, making affordable internet access even more challenging, as noted by Ellerson Ng. Fortunately, assistance programs still exist for qualifying students, particularly those enrolled in initiatives like the National School Lunch Program, housing assistance, Medicaid, or SNAP. Prominent internet providers such as Comcast, Spectrum, AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile offer specific aid programs.
Brigitta Witt, Vice President of Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability for T-Mobile, highlighted her company’s Project 10Million, which provides up to 200 gigabytes of free service annually for five years—sufficient for hundreds of hours of educational video streaming, virtual learning, internet research, or college preparation. Witt emphasized T-Mobile’s commitment to bridging the digital divide, recognizing that education extends beyond school hours and requires continuous internet access for homework and ongoing learning. She stressed the company's dedication to making a significant impact on this pressing issue.
For those not eligible for existing programs, alternative options for free Wi-Fi include public libraries, local government initiatives, and digital inclusion non-profits. Some school districts are even equipping buses with Wi-Fi hotspots or lending devices to families, according to Ellerson Ng. She suggested inquiring with local or state commissions for resources, or directly contacting internet providers to discuss available options, even if it requires a degree of vulnerability. While providers may not always offer direct assistance, their customer service channels can often guide families toward relevant programs. Witt emphasized that data indicates the digital divide is expanding, with affordability being the primary obstacle, disproportionately affecting low-income and minority families. Despite this, only about 17% of eligible families participate in broadband affordability programs due to a lack of awareness, trust issues, or enrollment difficulties.
Experts propose several strategies for reducing internet costs without switching providers. These include inquiring with school administrators or social workers about mobile hotspots, checking local libraries for loaner devices, and utilizing free Wi-Fi at public libraries, community centers, and fast-food establishments. Families should also determine their eligibility for national service provider programs, compare plans, negotiate with current providers, or consider downgrading to internet-only services. Avoiding excessively high speeds, budgeting usage to prevent overages, or limiting internet use strictly to schoolwork can also help. Additionally, sharing internet costs with neighbors or family, providing personal modems and routers to avoid rental fees, and asking employers about potential benefits or internet plans are viable options.
Helmick reaffirmed that most public libraries in the U.S. offer free Wi-Fi, public computers, and increasingly, Wi-Fi hotspots for home use. Library staff are often available to help community members compare internet plans, complete eligibility forms, and resolve technical issues. Mignella cautioned that public Wi-Fi networks carry security risks, advising users to avoid accessing sensitive information, utilize VPNs, and maintain updated security software on their devices. He noted that many school districts, like Baldwin Union Free School District, provide security measures on district-issued devices and offer apps like Qustodio for parental controls, encouraging families to establish rules for social media and internet usage. Furthermore, Mignella emphasized the importance of parental controls on all devices and teaching children to safeguard personal information, such as addresses, phone numbers, and school details.
This ongoing challenge of ensuring internet access for all students highlights the critical need for continued collaboration among government entities, educational institutions, private sector companies, and local communities. The "homework gap" is more than just an academic issue; it’s a matter of social equity and future opportunity. By addressing both the financial and infrastructural barriers, and by actively promoting awareness of available support programs, we can work towards a future where every child has the tools necessary to succeed in a digitally-driven world. This collective effort will not only enhance academic outcomes but also foster greater connectivity and opportunity for all families.